Everything below concerns drug affinity complex. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Last reviewed on 2025-08-26. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
CJC-1295 belongs to a class of synthetic peptides modeled on growth hormone releasing hormone, a forty-four amino acid signal produced by the hypothalamus. The compound is built from the first twenty-nine residues of the natural sequence, with four substitutions introduced at positions 2, 8, 15 and 27. These changes were designed to slow enzymatic breakdown while preserving receptor activation. The result is a peptide that is shorter than native GHRH and considerably more resistant to ordinary clearance pathways in circulation.
Two related forms appear under the CJC-1295 name. The simpler analogue, commonly written as modified GRF(1-29), carries the four substitutions but no additional conjugation. The second form attaches a maleimidopropionic acid linker to a lysine residue, a modification frequently called the drug affinity complex. That linker reacts with the free thiol on serum albumin to form a covalent bond. Because albumin has a long residence time in blood, the conjugated peptide stays in circulation far longer than the unconjugated analogue.
Characterization of this peptide relies on a small set of routine techniques. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separates the target from truncated or oxidized by-products and yields a purity estimate when paired with ultraviolet detection near 214 nanometers. Mass spectrometry, either electrospray coupled to liquid chromatography or matrix-assisted laser desorption, confirms that the observed mass matches the value calculated for the expected sequence. Amino acid analysis, and enzymatic digestion followed by fragment mapping, are used when the sequence itself rather than the mass requires verification.
Stability depends heavily on physical state. A lyophilized powder kept dry, desiccated, and shielded from light typically holds its integrity for months to years at minus twenty degrees Celsius, and longer at minus eighty. Once dissolved, the peptide becomes far more vulnerable, since peptide bond hydrolysis, oxidation of susceptible residues, and aggregation all proceed faster in solution. Buffers near neutral pH are generally gentler than strongly acidic or alkaline conditions. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles and exposure to air-liquid interfaces during vigorous mixing cause losses that are easy to overlook.
Verification matters because research peptides vary widely in quality. A certificate of analysis is only as reliable as the method behind it, and a single chromatographic trace reveals little about counter-ions, residual solvents, or water content. Independent laboratories commonly pair mass confirmation with chromatographic purity and, where relevant, quantify water along with acetate or trifluoroacetate content. Reported purity figures are not standardized across suppliers, so a stated value such as ninety-eight percent is not directly comparable unless the analytical method, column, and detection wavelength accompany it.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Peptide class | Synthetic GHRH analogue | Built on a 29 residue sequence |
| Primary target | GHRH receptor (GHRHR) | Class B G protein coupled receptor |
| Unconjugated half life | Minutes | Limited by protease degradation |
| Key modification | Four residue substitutions | Positions 2, 8, 15 and 27 |
| Common synonym | Modified GRF(1-29) | Usually denotes the form without DAC |
The second form adds a maleimide-bearing linker to the lysine at the carboxyl end. This group reacts with cysteine-34 on circulating serum albumin, forming a covalent bond that keeps the peptide in the bloodstream for far longer. ConjuChem developed the molecule as a way to extend the action of a peptide without frequent administration. The albumin attachment is the defining structural feature of the drug affinity complex version. Whether continuous exposure produces effects distinct from shorter pulses remains an unresolved research question.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide built as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Its backbone matches the first twenty-nine residues of the natural human hormone, with four amino acid substitutions added to slow enzymatic breakdown. A reactive maleimide group, commonly termed the drug affinity complex, allows the peptide to attach to circulating albumin after administration. That albumin attachment keeps the molecule in the bloodstream for an extended period instead of being cleared within minutes.
The compound emerged from work at a Canadian biotechnology firm in the early 2000s. Early human studies examined its effect on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in healthy volunteers and in people with HIV-associated fat redistribution. Reports described sustained increases in both markers after a single injection. Development did not advance to regulatory approval, and the clinical programme was later discontinued. The molecule is now encountered mainly as a research chemical rather than a marketed medicine.
The drug affinity complex is a maleimidopropionic acid group attached to a lysine side chain. It reacts with the free thiol of cysteine-34 on circulating albumin, forming a covalent bond. This conjugation keeps the peptide in the bloodstream and shields it from rapid renal filtration and proteolysis. Reported circulation half-lives for the albumin-bound form fall in the range of roughly six to nine days in early human studies.
Binding to GHRH receptors on pituitary somatotroph cells triggers cyclic AMP signaling and stimulates growth hormone synthesis and release. Because the peptide acts upstream of the pituitary, effects are mediated through endogenous growth hormone rather than direct receptor activation in peripheral tissues. Increases in insulin-like growth factor 1 are generally described as a downstream consequence. Most published human exposure data come from small early-stage studies, and the clinical significance of the pharmacokinetic profile remains incompletely characterized.
Four amino acid substitutions separate the modified backbone from the parent GRF(1-29) sequence. These changes reduce recognition by dipeptidyl peptidase IV and related proteases, extending the interval before degradation. Development work in this area sought longer-acting GHRH analogs for endocrine investigation. Published descriptions treat the substitution set as a defining property of the core sequence, while the albumin-binding linker is described separately as an optional addition to that same backbone.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone, constructed on the 29-amino-acid fragment designated GRF(1-29). The name began as an internal development code during the 1990s and later spread through research supply catalogs and discussion forums. The molecule does not occur in nature; its sequence is engineered rather than isolated from tissue. Two related compounds are sold under this single label, and they differ by one appended chemical group that strongly influences how long the peptide remains in circulation.
The dividing feature between the two forms is a maleimide-based drug affinity complex, abbreviated DAC. In the DAC-bearing version, a linker attaches the peptide to serum albumin after administration, and that association slows removal from plasma. The version lacking DAC appears in catalogs as MOD GRF(1-29) or tetrasubstituted GRF(1-29). Because informal writing treats both as one item, comparisons drawn from such sources routinely blend measurements taken from two molecules with substantially different behavior.
Roseanne says Darlene must first finish high school, but after learning David threatened to break up with her if she goes, she demands Darlene attend, giving Darlene an opportunity to become the writer Roseanne wanted to be. Darlene, who had decided not to attend, reveals her real reason for declining admission is because she fears failing, but finally agrees to go. At college, Darlene begins dating Jimmy while still seeing David, who initially accepts this arrangement in order to be with Darlene. When he later demands she choose between them, Darlene chooses Jimmy, though he later breaks off their relationship due to Darlene's inability to be close. Darlene realizes she still loves David and they reconcile. Darlene and David marry after Darlene becomes pregnant, giving birth to a daughter, Harris Conner-Healy. Harris is born three months premature and David and Darlene must decide whether or not to keep her on life support or allow nature to determine her fate. Harris proves strong enough to survive on her own. In the final episode of Season 9, it is revealed that Darlene was actually dating Mark, and Becky was with David, though Roseanne had written in her book that Darlene being with David made more sense. However, by the start of Season 10, which takes place twenty years later, this revelation has been retconned out of existence. In Season 10, Darlene is now a single mother of two children, teen daughter Harris and ten-year-old son Mark.
== Awards and honors == 1990 - Robert J. and Claire Pasarow Foundation Medical Research Award 1990 - American Association for Cancer Research - G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Archived 2017-10-24 at the Wayback Machine 1991 - Honorary doctorate in medicine from Lund University, Sweden 1995 - Nobel Fellow at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm 1997 - Gairdner Foundation International Award 1998 - Jacobaeus International Prize 2003 - Jubilee Lecturer, Biochemical Society 2005 - Japan Prize in Cell Biology 2012 - Thomson Reuters Citation Laureate Knight of the Order of the White Rose of Finland Commander of the Order of the Lion of Finland 2022 - Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research. 2023 - Fellow of the American Association for Cancer Research. Member of National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Medicine American Academy of Arts and Sciences European Molecular Biology Organization
Muscimol, also known as agarin, pantherine, or pyroibotenic acid, is a GABAA receptor agonist with sedative and hallucinogenic effects and the principal psychoactive constituent of Amanita mushrooms such as Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) and Amanita pantherina (panther cap). It is a 3-hydroxyisoxazole alkaloid and is closely related structurally to the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The compound is widely used as a ligand and agonist of the GABAA receptor in scientific research. Muscimol is typically taken orally, but may also be smoked. Peak effects occur after 1 to 3 hours orally and its duration is 4 to 10 hours but up to 24 hours. The effects of muscimol in humans include central depression, sedation, sleep, cognitive and motor impairment, hallucinations, perceptual distortion, and muscle twitching, among others. Muscimol acts as a potent GABAA receptor full agonist. However, it acts as a preferential supra-maximal agonist at extrasynaptic δ subunit-containing GABAA receptors. It is also a potent GABAA-ρ receptor partial agonist and a weak GABA reuptake inhibitor. The drug is inactive at the GABAB receptor but is a substrate of GABA transaminase (GABA-T). Muscimol mostly exerts its effects via GABAA receptor activation. It is very different from drugs like benzodiazepines and barbiturates as it is an orthosteric agonist of the GABAA receptor rather than an allosteric modulator. Unlike GABA, muscimol crosses the blood–brain barrier and hence is centrally active. Muscimol is a conformationally restrained analogue of GABA.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== See also == bZIP domain ChIP-exo Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software DNA-binding domain Helix-loop-helix Helix-turn-helix HMG-box Leucine zipper Lexitropsin (a semi-synthetic DNA-binding ligand) Deoxyribonucleoprotein Protein–DNA interaction site prediction software RNA-binding protein Single-strand binding protein Zinc finger
=== Current recommendations for testing === Horses suspected of having PPID should undergo testing both for the disease and for insulin dysfunction (see below). Horses showing obvious signs of PPID will likely have a positive endogenous ACTH test. Horses with early disease may produce a false-negative result. In these horses, the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test should either be used as an initial screening test, or to confirm a false resting ACTH.
=== Initial discoveries === Theories on the coagulation of blood have existed since antiquity. Physiologist Johannes Müller (1801–1858) described fibrin, the substance of a thrombus. Its soluble precursor, fibrinogen, was thus named by Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), and isolated chemically by Prosper Sylvain Denis (1799–1863). Alexander Schmidt suggested that the conversion from fibrinogen to fibrin is the result of an enzymatic process, and labeled the hypothetical enzyme "thrombin" and its precursor "prothrombin". Arthus discovered in 1890 that calcium was essential in coagulation. Platelets were identified in 1865, and their function was elucidated by Giulio Bizzozero in 1882. The theory that thrombin is generated by the presence of tissue factor was consolidated by Paul Morawitz in 1905. At this stage, it was known that thrombokinase/thromboplastin (factor III) is released by damaged tissues, reacting with prothrombin (II), which, together with calcium (IV), forms thrombin, which converts fibrinogen into fibrin (I).
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Mondobiotech (styled mondoBIOTECH) was a Swiss biotechnology company focused on identifying potential treatments for rare diseases. Founded in 2001, it developed drug candidates by examining existing research on human peptides and other biological substances, and sought partners to conduct further development and licensing. Its holding company listed shares on the SIX Swiss Exchange in 2009. The holding company changed its name to THERAMetrics in 2013 and completed a combination with Pierrel Research International later that year; following a further business combination, it became Relief Therapeutics Holding AG in 2016.
Jonna, angry, leads Clara to place her ear onto the small hole in the pool cover and stabs her in the ear with a shard of tile. In retaliation, Clara turns on the automatic pool cleaning system, causing the girls to begin suffocating in chlorine, but she turns it off again when she realises the possible consequences and leaves. Bree reveals to Jonna that during the accident that killed their father, she purposely prevented their father from escaping, calling him a monster as he had been sexually abusing the girls during their adolescence. Meanwhile, Clara returns, having realized the error of her ways. She tries to open the pool cover but her passcode no longer works. She tells the sisters they are on their own and leaves again. Bree grows weak. Jonna succeeds in ripping the metal grill off the bottom of the pool, something Bree had previously tried and failed to do. She smashes the pool cover and they escape. Jonna gives Bree her insulin shot. Clara returns with a gun, threatening to kill the sisters as she does not want to go to prison again. However, she feels sympathetic, puts the gun down, and returns their belongings. Jonna calls the police and Clara awaits her fate, but Jonna tells her to leave and the two exchange smiles. Paramedics arrive and Jonna returns Bree's engagement ring, which Clara had taken. When Bree asks how she got it back, Jonna replies, "We killed the monster", echoing what Bree said about killing their father, and implying that the monster that was inside Clara died when Jonna showed her sympathy and forgiveness.
Bhattacharjee, S., Mukherjee, S., and Roy, S.* (2021) J Phys Chem B, 125, 5832-5837.https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03794 A peptide-based synthetic transcription factor selectively activates transcription in a mammalian cell. Roy, K., Mazumder, A., Ghosh, P., Naiya, G., Ghosh, B., & Roy, S.* (2018) Chem Commun. 54, 1611-1614.https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CC09279B A Peptide-based Synthetic Transcription Factor Selectively Down-regulates the Proto-oncogene CFOS in Tumour Cells and Inhibits Proliferation. Chakraborty, M. and Roy, S.* (2016) Chem Commun, 53, 376-379.https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CC08086C Specific Sequence of a Beta-turn in Human La Protein May Contribute to Species Specificity of Hepatitis C Virus. Kumar, A., Manna, AK., Ray, U., Mullick, R., Basu, G., Das, S., & Roy, S.* (2014) J Virol, 88, 4319-27. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00049-14 A Synthetic Peptide Mimic of l-Cro shows Sequence-Specific Binding in vitro and in vivo. Mazumder, A., Maiti, A., Roy, K., & Roy, S.* (2012) ACS Chem Biol, 7, 1084-94. https://doi.org/10.1021/cb200523n Peptide-protein interactions suggest that acetylation of lysines 381 and 382 of p53 is important for positive coactivator 4/p53 interaction. Debnath, S., Chatterjee, S., Arif, M., Kundu, TK., & Roy, S.* (2011) J Biol Chem, 286, 25076-87.https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.205328 Differential recognition of phosphorylated transactivation domains of p53 by different p300 domains. Polley, S., Guha, S., Roy, NS., Kar, S., Sakaguch,i K., Chuman, Y., Swaminathan, V., Kundu, T., & Roy, S.* (2008) J Mol Biol, 376, 8-12.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The names are often used interchangeably in casual writing, but they are not strictly identical. Modified GRF(1-29) refers to the unconjugated analogue carrying only the four substitutions. The version sold as CJC-1295 with DAC includes the albumin binding linker and clears much more slowly.
DAC stands for drug affinity complex, a term describing the maleimidopropionic acid linker. This group forms a covalent bond with the cysteine residue on serum albumin after administration. The resulting adduct is what extends the circulating half life from minutes to days.
No. It is entirely synthetic and does not correspond to any known endogenous peptide. The design starts from human growth hormone releasing hormone and introduces deliberate substitutions. Any biological effect comes from mimicking the natural hormone at its receptor.
Mass spectrometry establishes whether the observed molecular weight matches the calculated sequence mass. Chromatographic retention and fragment mapping add further confidence about sequence and composition. A single technique alone is rarely treated as sufficient evidence of identity.